Ori Freiman, Ph.D.

March 2025:

• Authored with a colleague and published (in a G7 evidence-based advice and policy recommendations group) - a policy brief about the potential transformation of a G7-led payment system - to include different digital assets by harmonizing regulatory language to enable it.

• Co-organized a workshop about The Future of Internet Policy In Canada. This workshop will yield an edited volume about the topic. Authors include leaders from different sectors - and how they see it. And they see it very different. Super insightful - can't wait to share more.

February 2025:

• Together with my Lab colleagues, we published the paper "‘Opacity’ and ‘Trust’: From Concepts and Measurements to Public Policy" - in the journal Philosophy & Technology.

• Draft of a book chapter titled "Political Preferences and Support for Artificial Intelligence" in online, for The Economics of Artificial Intelligence: Political Economy (University of Chicago Press).

January 2025:

• Published a professional report at The Journal of Digital Currencies, titled "Unified Standards in Responsible CBDC and Stablecoin Development and Implementation".

• Judged first round submissions for the Digital Society Lab Hackathon.

December 2024:

• Keynote speaker at The Epistemology of AI workshop, at the Erasmus School of History, Culture and Communication in Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

• Published a blog post at Cardiff University's Open for Debate about chatbots. 

November 2024:

• Presented a paper co-authored with colleagues at the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association panel on philosophical and empirical perspectives on mitigating the spread of mis/dis-information on social media, in New Orleans.

• Together with a colleague, we published an op-ed about the Bank of Canada's pause on the digital Canadian dollar in the Toronto Star. 

October 2024:

• Third working paper is published: From Central Banks to Governments and Standards: CBDC Governance in Canada.

• Presented virtually about the evolving landscape of AI Policy and Ethics in Higher Education at the AI-Enabler Educator conference organized at Simon Fraser University.

September 2024:

• With my colleagues at the Digital Society Lab - published an op-ed in the Globe & Mail about preliminary findings of our study about the Bank of Canada's public consultation relating to the Digital Canadian Dollar. Editors gave it the title Is a central bank digital currency really so loonie?

• My second working paper is published: Focusing on Users: Lessons for Canada’s CBDC from the Digital Euro and Digital Pound.

• Not AI-Policy or Digital Currency, however not less important: a co-authored op-ed addressing the rising threat of extremism affecting Canadian unions and their over-focus on international conflicts rather than domestic labour issues.

July 2024:

• Together with other experts and under the umbrella of The Montreal International Center of Expertise in Artificial Intelligence (CEIMIA), published a report titled A Comparative Framework for AI Regulatory Policy. It offers an in-depth analysis and comparison of the very different approaches to a regulatory policy of AI in Brazil, South Korea, Japan, Israel, and Singapore. It is based on a unique framework for comparison and includes key documents and developments that shaped each jurisdiction's approach.

June 2024:

• Presented collaborative work done in our lab regarding policy making that involves meaningful engagement with experts and the public at the Law and Public Policy section of the Canadian Political Science Association.

May 2024:

• Presented my work about the digital Canadian dollar to the Toronto-Based Schwartz Reisman Institute for Technology and Society's Privacy Forum.

• Began teaching a class about current issues in technology policy and ethics at McMaster University's Master of Public Policy in Digital Society Program.

April 2024:

• My lab (and I) joined the OECD.AI Task Force to develop the Guidelines for the Global Challenge.

• Signed the open letter calling for AIDA to be sent back for meaningful public consultation and redrafting. This open letter is a collective call to separate AIDA from Bill C-27 and redraft it. It is not only about improving procedural integrity but also ensuring legislation is crafted to follow the wisdom of the Canadian Mosaic. Additional consultation is necessary. With AI, it is better to get the Act right than get it fast. 

• Published a piece together with a colleague on the Times of Israel (Hebrew) criticizing the role of non-voting countries in the first AI international treaty. 

March 2024:

• Published a working paper about Central Bank Digital Currency from a governance perspective, focusing on  Programmability, Surveillance and Policies. It was published online by the Centre for International Governance Innovation's Digital Policy Hub. 

• Published an academic paper about how the theory of testimony, which traditionally deals with humans, deals with conversational AIs. It was published at the journal Social Epistemology, under the title: AI-Testimony, Conversational AIs and Our Anthropocentric Theory of Testimony.

• Signed an open letter titled the Disrupting the Deepfake Supply Chain.  It advocates for new laws that would
  1. Fully criminalize deepfake child pornography;
  2. Establish criminal penalties for anyone who knowingly creates or spreads harmful deepfakes; and
  3. require software developers and distributors to prevent their audio and visual products from creating harmful deepfakes, and to be held liable if their preventive measures are too easily circumvented.

• Participated as a panellist at McMaster's Artificial Intelligence in Medicine Student Society event to share my views about the relation between science with AI, AI policy & AI ethics.

• Signed an open letter urging the Government of Canada to ensure its delegation to the first Global AI Treaty convention negotiations the Council of Europe - to reject private sector carve-out.

February 2024:

• Gave one of the keynote presentations at the AI & Narratives Policy Talks 2024 at the University of Mississippi's Center for Practical Ethics. 

• A 60-second video about the Central Bank Digital Currency & the Digital Canadian Dollar created by McMaster's communications team & myself was released.

• Podcast guest - spoke with Joe Bradley on the Generation AI: Automating Better Business. The episode was titled: Who Governs AI - and Our Culture?

• Together with my Digital Society Lab, we joined the GUIDANCE-AI consortium as a non-European partner, submitting a research proposal to the EU's HORIZON 2024.

January 2024:

• Featured profile on McMaster University's Brighter World Magazine: Earning trust: The path to central bank digital currencies.

December 2023:

• My views on the Bank of Canada's report on their public consultation were published on the Globe & Mail! see: Bank of Canada must address the sky-high distrust around its digital currency (an open version was republished on CIGI's website)

• Spoke with Rick Zamperin on the 'Good Morning Hamilton' Radio show about the digital Canadian dollar.

November 2023:

• Signed an open letter, expressing an urgent need for Canada to join a growing group of peer countries and introduce legislation that will address the harms posed by digital platforms. The core components of a law include:
  (1) A duty on platforms to act responsibly. This includes a duty to protect fundamental rights and protect users from harm, and a responsibility to conduct risk assessments on products used by Canadians.
  (2) A special duty to protect children from harm.
  (3) Creation of a regulator, with the power to investigate and audit platforms, mandate corrective action and impose fines.
  (4) Mandatory transparency by platforms. There should be an avenue to audit and verify they are meeting their obligations, and data must be mandated to be shared with researchers.
  (5) A victim-centred forum for recourse for users impacted by platforms variable content moderation practices.
  The letter was penned by Dr. Taylor Owen and Dr. Emily Laidlaw. See more here: https://www.onlineharms.co

• Participated the 'Trust and Opacity in AI' conference in Dresden, Germany, and delivered a work-in-progress paper by my colleagues at the Digital Society Lab and me titled “The Effects of Opacity on Trust: From Concepts to Measurements”.

October 2023:

• I had the honour to speak with judges and registrars from The Institute of Advanced Legal Studies for Judges in Israel about recent developments in AI, Ethics, and the judicial system. The topics in my overview included: Law research, AI-based evidence, new types of expertise, the legal profession, contracts and documents, access to justice, responsible implementation of AI judges, new kinds of AI crimes, patents, trade secrets, copyright issues, international regulation, and the unpredictable complexity and social change, including automation of misinformation, effects on culture, power concentration by the AI industry, exploitation of workers, and unintended consequences.

• My life and view of this world, including my professional world, are completely different, following the events of October 7th.

September 2023: 

• Joined the Centre for International Governance Innovation's Digital Policy Hub!

• Signed an open letter to the Canadian Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry, authored by civil society organizations, experts and academics. We outline key concerns about the current draft of AIDA (the Artificial Intelligence and Data Act) within Bill C-27 (the Digital Charter Implementation Act). 

August 2023: 

• Participated in the Annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.

July 2023:

• Described my theoretical research on conversational AIs for CTV Toronto's and Newstalk1010's series AI: The good, the bad and the ugly (Part 1)

• Featured as a guest on the Israeli Bitcoin Association's Podcast, a.k.a. "The Bitcoin People", where I shared my insights on CBDC [Hebrew]

June 2023:

• Published a piece about Trust and the Digital Canadian Dollar on The Conversation.

• Contributed my analysis to an online survey of 1,500 Canadians about the Digital Canadian Dollar.

• Contributed my views on risks and opportunities of Generative AI in HR to the HR Reporter (paywalled)

• “The biggest concern is that gradually, a future government would have access to the transactions of citizens ... ... and that would be a nightmare for democracy and civil liberties, and potentially for human rights" - Quoted in the Financial Post 

May 2023:

• Spoke with Patricia Boal, host of Ottawa at Work - about 8 minutes radio interview on 580 CFRA.

• Talked about the Bank of Canada's proposal for a Digital Canadian Dollar with Anne-Marie Mediwake on CTV NEWS - 4 minutes video clip (follow-up article here).

• Together with Nizan Geslevich Packin, published an op-ed in Forbes against the growing trend of charging money for a human customer service representative (Titled: Automation's Hidden Costs: The Case Against A Paywalled Human Touch).

• Published an op-ed about the Digital Canadian Dollar in the Toronto Star (originally titled "Currently, Say 'No!' to the Digital Canadian Dollar").

• Spoke with Scott Radley, the host of a Canadian Radio show (on 900 CHML) & podcast for almost 20 minutes - about the risks of AI (link here, begins around the 23rd minute).

• Published about the Israeli Digital Shekel in Calcalist - one of the business and economy newspapers in Israel (Hebrew).

• Began teaching my course on Current Issues in Policy and Technology Ethics @ McMaster University's Master of Public Policy in Digital Society.

April 2023:

• Completed the Center for AI and Digital Policy (CAIDP) Spring 2023 AI Policy Clinic.

• Together with many others, authored the 1266 pages long CAIDP's 2022 Artificial Intelligence and Democratic Values report. The report covers and ranks 75 national AI policies.

• I am incredibly grateful for the opportunity to be the colloquium speaker where I obtained my Ph.D - at Bar-Ilan University's Graduate Program for Science, Technology and Society. It is an honour to have the chance to return and share my experiences with current students and staff. I presented my work on the potential democratic implications of implementing Central Bank Digital Currency ('New Money, New Data').

March 2023:

• My paper about the Analysis of Beliefs Acquired from a Conversational AI was published in Episteme (a journal dealing with epistemology in the analytic tradition). In this paper, I point out that when natural language processing technologies are involved in the analysis of acquiring beliefs, our theory of knowledge is limited. This is a theoretical paper that contributes to the theory of knowledge. It is situated within social epistemology - the field of philosophy that deals with the social dimensions of knowledge.

• I joined those who sound the alarm bell, mindful that part of those who sound the alarm are building the cause for it. My signature is on the Future of Life's Pause Giant AI Experiments: An Open Letter. The letter calls for a pause for at least 6 months the training of AI systems more powerful than GPT-4; to develop and implement a set of shared safety protocols; to work with policy makers to accelerate development of robust AI governance systems. While the call to pause is radical, it succeeded to grab the attention to this most important topic.

• Participated the Privacy & Access Council of Canada's Privacy & Data Governance Conference in Ottawa. My talk was about the democratic oversight crucially needed in Central Bank Digital Currency projects around the world, titled 'New Money, New Data'.

• Gave the opening lecture for the University of Toronto's chapter of Engineers Without Borders' Moral Code Hackathon. This is the second year I participate this event.

February 2023:

• Collaborated with many others to author a report by All Tech is Human about Technology & Democracy.

• Participated in the online panel The Wake: Re-Imagine Privacy, and spoke about Trust, Privacy, and Responsible AI.

January 2023:

• Participated in one of the largest real-estate conferences (Inman Connect @ NYC) as a panellist (AI Learning Lab). I advocated for Responsible AI - adoption of a framework for the responsible implementation of AI. How is AI different from other technologies? What are the potential risks? Where are the trends heading? Is it possible to program empathy into AIs? What are the undesired consequences? The video is available here. 

• Joined the Center for AI and Digital Policy's Spring 2023 AI Policy Clinic Research Group. 

• Presented at the Israeli CBDC Forum webinar, next to the most esteemed professionals, including CBDC project manager at the Bank of Israel.

More details: I argued that while the Bank of Israel is doing an excellent job regarding international collaboration, researching economic models, experimenting with technologies, and so forth - they have no ability or authority to research and deal with the potential democratic consequences of implementing Retail CBDC. So far, the Bank of Israel has been a pioneer and has led this project alone. It is crucial that others will now join. If the Digital Shekel project goes on, and we wish to implement it responsibly, we must:

➜fully acknowledge that it is not only a technological issue but also a political one;

➜re-think existing checks and balances throughout all state systems, and mitigate structural risks to democracy;

➜draw clear red lines of what will be possible, by who, and what not;

➜ensure the central bank's independence is kept in this new terrain;

➜constantly involve democratic values, such as maintaining financial privacy and serving the prosperity of all, in all design and implementation stages;

➜be more inclusive by going beyond the banking and tech sectors - to civil society organizations, academia, mainstream media, and especially citizens.

My presentation is available here. 

December 2022:

• AI Policy in Israel: Together with Amir Cahane, Gadi Perl, and Tehilla Shwartz Altshuler, and on behalf of the Israel Democracy Institute, we published a response to the Israeli Ministry of Innovation, Science, and Technology AI Policy document. 

More details: In late October, the Israeli Ministry of Innovation, Science and Technology published the document "Principles of Policy, Regulation and Ethics in the Field of AI" for public comments. Here's the TL;DR of our response:

➜soft regulation, self-regulation and ethical principles are far from enough; 

➜we have to design enforceable laws that clearly define red lines, warning Israel to become 'the backyard' of AI-related experiments;

➜Israeli regulation should be more in line with international efforts, especially those of the European Union; and

➜we advocate for a hybrid approach that maintains the human rights *and* risk-based frameworks; and argue that proper regulation must combine horizontal *and* sector-specific regulations.

• Our AI Policy response was covered by the Israeli newspaper TheMarker.

• Began my Post-Doctoral Fellowship @ McMaster University!

November 2022:

• The journal AI and Ethics published my paper Making sense of the conceptual nonsense 'Trustworthy AI'. 

October 2022:

• Chaired the Cryptocurrencies and CBDC (Central Bank Digital Currencies) panel at The City University of New York's Transatlantic Blockchain Law, and presented my latest research, titled Responsible Implementation of CBDC, Part 1: Identifying Social Concerns.

• Adjudicated at the University of Toronto Machine Intelligence Student Team (UTMIST)'s AI Ethics debate.

September 2022:

• Participated the Canadian Science Policy Centre's panel on AI and Big Data's Impact on Justice, Human Rights and Privacy with people who shaped my views.

• Published a short analysis titled Liability, Privacy, and an Arrested Developer: The Ongoing Case of Tornado Cash. In it, I discuss issues that regard: (a) sanctioning technology, rather than a legal entity; (b) liability of developers in open source projects; (c) preserving privacy by protecting anonymity; (d) the complex tension between regulations, financial privacy, and democracy. It was published on DataEthics.eu - a not-for-profit, politically independent, ThinkDoTank that promotes responsible and ethical use of personal data. 

• I am honoured and humbled that Tech & Law Israel invited me to speak with them about AI, liability, and the future of the legal system [a link to the original Hebrew interview, and a link for an automatic translation]. 

• A guest in a colleague's class about algorithms & liability, commentating on recent Tornado Cash events. 

• Joined the Privacy Research Group at New York University's Information Law Institute.

August 2022:

• My Fellowship at U of T ended. During the fellowship, I focused on two lines of research: (1) identifying how AI shifts power by dealing with questions that regard technology governance, policy-making, and ethics-washing; (2) the ongoing development of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) by exploring how different technical choices and monetary functions can result in various social consequences. Can't wait to see what comes next!

• AI products cannot be moral agents. But people, corporations and governments can and should be was published on The Toronto Star. (Together with Nizan Geslevich Packin)

• A research group I participate in - 'Healthy Online Conversations' - presented in the 'Conversations Online' workshop. We shared some of our experience as consultants for a leading company that designs a social engagement platform. The outcome of this workshop will be an edited book on the topic, and we are authoring a chapter.

• Central Bank Digital Currencies could mean the End of Democracy was published on The Conversation and The National Post. I argue that central banks worldwide are racing to implement digital legal tenders. While they prepare for the day when the economic and technological benefits outweigh the risks, democratic considerations are hardly discussed in public - and this has got to change. (Originally titled 'Democracy is Beyond the Mandate of Central Banks') 

July 2022:

• Collaborated with Nizan Geslevich Packin to publish an op-ed in the Israeli financial newspaper - Calcalist, about The Rights of Algorithms and Assigning Liability to Software Corporations, a moment before the Israeli National Artificial Intelligence Program, led by the Ministry of Innovation, Science and Technology, is launched [Hebrew].

June 2022:

• 93 Collaborators, me included, co-created the latest All Tech Is Human public-facing report AI and Human Rights (report available here)

• Organized the workshop Trust and the Ethics of AI (June 20, online), where I presented my working paper
  Making Sense of the Conceptual Nonsense 'Trustworthy AI'. What’s Next?  (video available here)

Following the publication of numerous ethical principles and guidelines, the concept of 'Trustworthy AI' has become widely used. However, several trust scholars and AI ethicists argue against using this concept. It has been labelled as a "misnomer", "conceptual misunderstanding", and "conceptual nonsense". Instead, they often suggest shifting our paradigm from 'Trustworthy AI' to 'Reliable AI'. I explain exactly why and review existing criticisms about using the concept of 'Trustworthy AI'. Ultimately, ignoring the criticisms will likely lead to mistrusting non-moral agents. By doing so, AI designers, regulators, investors, and other stakeholders risk attributing responsibilities to agents who cannot be held responsible, and consequently, deteriorate social structures which regard accountability and liability. I argue that, realistically, the concept of 'Trustworthy AI' has already been widely adopted by the AI community - industry, civil society, policymakers, and academic researchers. Therefore, it is not likely that the paradigm will be shifted. If we wish to be practical, we should adopt a view of the field of AI Ethics as focusing on power, social justice, and scholarly activism. I suggest that community-driven and social justice-oriented ethicists of AI and trust scholars draw attention to critical social aspects highlighted by phenomena of distrust and focus on democratic aspects of trust formation. This way, it will be possible to further reveal shifts in power relations, challenge unfair status quos, and suggest meaningful ways to keep the interests of citizens in the era of the conceptual nonsense 'Trustworthy AI'.

May 2022:

• Joined The Radical AI Network.

April 2022:

• Submitted a paper about the formation of beliefs acquired from technologies.

• Formed a collaboration with Illinois Institute of Technology's Ethical and Trustworthy AI Lab.

• Gave a guest lecture at a colleague's class (titled Technological and Social “Progress”: The Case of Central Bank Digital Currency).

March 2022:

• Judge for the Moral Code Hackathon (organized by The University of Toronto's chapter of Engineers Without Borders).

February 2022:

• Submitted a paper about trust and knowledge deficit.

• Joined AI4Society.

• Joined ForHumanity.

January 2022:

• Presented my working paper The Ethics of Central Bank Digital Currency (video available here).

I present what central bank digital currency (CBDC) is and how this new currency is different from the digital digits we see in credit card statements and bank accounts. First, I discuss the significant benefits of implementing CBDC and share some of the open technical decisions that designers of the system face. Afterwards, I focus on its development and implementation motivations - innovation from the fintech sector, and risk and competition from decentralized cryptocurrencies, centralized stablecoins, and currencies of other nations. Finally, I identify six categories of ethical concerns related to CBDC. My main argument is that using data from such a system leaves the door open for authorities to influence social norms through surveilling and controlling financial activities. Therefore, even in liberal democracies, giving up on financial privacy - the ability to trade without any third party involved - not only leads to the loss of anonymity but also to a constant risk of losing freedom.

December 2021:

• Joined as an organizer to the Ethics of Technology Early-Career Group.

November 2021:

• Presented my working paper Ethical and Epistemological Roles of AI in Collective Epistemology at the Ethics of Technology Early-Career Group.

October 2021: 

• Presented my working paper The Israeli Vaccination Campaign Through the Prism of Trust at the 4S virtual session Corona Truth Wars: Testing and Contesting Knowledge in a Hyper-Mobile Pandemic - III.

September 2021: 

• Launched this website.

• Began my post-doctoral fellowship in the Ethics of AI Lab at the University of Toronto's Centre for Ethics.